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See also. Puerto Rico portal Biography portal. Puerto Rico Herald. Retrieved Beth Hagenauer. Antelope Valley Times. April Appendix A contains the names and acronyms if any of the data systems. Appendix B lists the data systems by agency. Appendix C contains the questionnaire that was sent to eachof the database managers. Responses to the questionnaire and a great deal of additional information provided by these individuals formed the basis of the summaries in this Inventory.

Appendix D, which constitutes Volume II, contains a listing of chemicals found in the data collection systems; the chemicals are listed by data collection system name and media. The workshop will focus on four questions: How are these databases being used? Are data available to document exposures for both the general population and high risk groups? What critical data are not available? Should old databases be modified, or should new databases be created to address data gaps?

The Inventory represents the efforts of many individuals in the federal government who completed the questionnaires, the staff of Eastern Research Group, Inc.

The efforts of all of these individuals are greatly appreciated. Diane K. Wagener, Ph. The potential for exposure exists in the air we breathe, the water we drink, the food we consume, and the soil and dust we contact.

With industrialization and new technological developments, both the quantity and types of substances in the environment are increasing. To conduct environmental studies or to evaluate program effectiveness, officials and researchers need quality data on potential toxic exposures.

The premise of this project is that data systems exist that could be used to meet these needs. Federal and state agencies, for example, maintain environmental exposure data systems, which are typically generated for specific purposes e.

However, the quality of the data in some instances, and the use of these data in most instances, are not optimal. This Inventory was generated as a first step in learning more about the data systems that exist and the potential for new and innovative uses of the data in them.

Exposure information is needed by epidemiologists, risk assessors, risk managers, and policy makers to evaluate the status and trends in exposure and disease surveillance. The Inventory should broaden the scope of available information for these individuals and help them identify potential data sources. The Inventory, however, cannot answer all the questions that might be asked about a data system.

Instead, limited characteristics of the data sources are described in the Inventory. It is intended that users of the Inventory will seek additional information from the contact persons listed in the description of each data system. This report included information on 13 databases, which were largely federally managed. The criteria for inclusion were that the database contain numerical or qualitative data that assist in exposure assessment, contain observational data, involve ongoing or periodic data collection, and be publicly accessible.

Since the publication of the Directory in , the effort to collect environmental data has expanded enormously. The purpose of this current Inventory is to expand and update the Directory. This Inventory includes a listing of data systems that contain exposure information and are managed and funded by the federal government. The scope of this Inventory was limited to fcdcral data systems due to lack of resources to comprehensively survey data systems funded by states.

These data systems are collections of analytical results that assess food, human samples, or bulk chemicals; or assess an environmental media such as air, soil, or water. With some exceptions, the data systems included in this Inventory contain measured, as contrasted to estimated, data. The exceptions have been included because they are widely used to characterize potential human exposures.

In contrast to the previous Directory, this Inventory does not include databases that primarily contain lists of citations to other information resources such as articles, reports, or databases. Also, this Inventory does not include databases that consist solely of occupational, microenvironmental, or personal monitoring measurements.

Further, this Inventory does not focus on databases that contain only production volume data. These include production volumes, emissions inventories, ambient concentration models and measurements, microenvironment concentration models and measurements, human activity pattern data, personal exposure measurements, and biological measurements. Clearly, the scope of the data systems included in this Inventory had to be a subset of these data sources.

In addition, recent documents were reviewed for applicability of content, identification of needs, and scope. National Center for Health Statistics. Department of Health and Human Services. DHHS Pub. PHS Washington, DC. Consequently, the steering committee decided that the Inventory would focus on nonoccupational exposures so as to limit the size and complexity of the project.

The steering committee also decided to focus on data systems that contained information on a large geographic area.

This decision necessarily eliminated pilot studies and targeted research projects. Several data inventories were reviewed for format and content as guidance for this project. These inventories included: Abramowitz, J. Baker, and D. World Resources Institute. HHS Data Inventories for various fiscal years. Information Resources Directory Environmental Protection Agency. Office of Information and Resources Management.

Frisch, J. Shaw, and J. Archives of Environmental Health. Departments of Health and Human Services, and Agriculture. Several meetings were held with representatives from the agencies noted above to identify database characteristics of most interest and to develop a questionnaire.

The questionnaire was then sent as a pilot project to six databases, chosen because they represented a wide variety of data system characteristics.

The questionnaire was subsequently revised and sent to the managers of approximately 80 databases. The questionnaire and instructions are included as Appendix C. The questionnaire sought information on the purpose of the data system, geographic coverage, site selection, source and dispersion information, sample collection and quality control, data preparation and availability, and toxicant and media assessed.

In addition, data managers were requested to provide background information and descriptive reports. Therefore, the collection of this information and followup clarification required multiple contacts with the data managers. Once written, each description was reviewed by Ms. Beyer or Ms. Stein Eastern Research Group, Inc. Ozkaynak Harvard University , and Dr.

Wagener National Center for Health Statistics. Time and resource limitations prevented exhaustive canvassing to assure that all appropriate databases were identified.

The inclusion list was sent to government officials, some of whom provided us with the names of additional data systems. Many database managers, however, ignored both the original request for information i. In such cases, the staff attempted to obtain information via telephone conversations or from descriptions available in reports or brochures. As noted above, an important limitation of an Inventory including information on 89 data systems is that detailed information cannot be provided.

Hence it is important for the user to seek additional information from the contact person listed as part of each data system description. One problem that arose in this survey was that many data systems have changed names, some multiple times.

In those instances, we have listed both former and current names. Table 1 summarizes this information and provides cross-references for the user. Data collection systems are data systems that collect data mostly environmental sample results, but some estimated data are included, too. This distinction is blurred in some instances, because some data collection systems also provide flexible analytical features. The descriptions for the data collection systems, which are located in Part I of the Inventory, contain information on the purpose of the data system, geographic coverage, site selection, sample collection and quality control, data availability, and toxicant and media assessed.

The data handling system descriptions, located in Part II, are more cursory; they describe the coverage of the system, the data sources included, data presentation, and data availability. Although Part II descriptions do not provide detailed information on the component databases, they do refer the user to writeups on specific component databases found in Part I. Any data system that has primary data collection responsibilities was included in Part I as a data collection system.

Also provided in the Inventory are four appendices. Appendix A contains two tables: one lists the data systems by name and acronym; the other lists them by acronym and name.

Appendix B cross-references all the data systems by the federal agencies that manage them. Appendix C contains the questionnaire. Appendix D presents, for specific chemicals, the data collection systems that contain information on them and in which media. However, evaluating the relationship between potential exposures and potential health effects is a complex process.

Figure 1 graphically outlines some of the aspects of this evaluation. The focus of this Inventory is on the exposure assessment portion of this evaluation. The data systems included in this Inventory primarily collect and compile analytical measurements. Data systems based on models, human activity patterns, and occupational measurements were not included.

Figure 1. Source: K Sexton. Human Exposure Assessment and Public Health. In: New Horizons in Biological Dosimetry. L Gledhill and F. Mauro, eds. New York: Wiley-Uss, Inc. The primary reason for excluding a data resource was the lack of geographic information.

Table 2 gives the type of data sources included in the Inventory. The majority of the data systems contain ambient concentration measurements. This Inventory includes detailed descriptions of 61 data collection systems managed by 11 lead government agencies and the World Health Organization WHO.

Twelve data handling systems are also included. The geographic coverage of most of the data collection systems was national 43 Out of Given that only databases encompassing a large geographic area were included, this bias towards national systems is not surprising. Hence, few systems measured the same toxicants in the same media. The primary objective of the data collection systems was most often monitoring 34 data collection systems.

Regulating was the primary objective of 18 systems, and research was the primary objective of 24 systems. An additional six were legally required, but not for regulatory urposes.

Of specific concern for this Inventory was the level of detail of location identifiers. Table 3 lists the various identifiers used by these data systems and the number of systems that use those identifiers. This will be important when linkage with other data systems is contemplated.

The collection frequencies are given in Table 4. Most of the data systems collected data yearly. In this survey of data systems, the media assessed are given in Table 5 and the parameters measured are shown in Table 6.

Of course, the class of toxicant measured is affected, in part, by the media assessed. In addition, the toxicants assessed depend on the applicable legislation and available laboratory techniques. Table 7 summarizes selected characteristics i. Yearly 3 Quarterly. Pesticide Infor. E 1 cent. Production and Sale. Total Oi. Some of these information resources that are sponsored by federal agencies are listed below. This list is by no means exhaustive. Each record describes a unique database including its geographic coverage, type of access, time span, and contact person.

ESDD includes information on over 2, databases created by government agencies, academic institutions, and private sector entities. ESDD is available on compact discs that are updated quarterly. A user-friendly interactive format allows the user easy access to the information. For information, or to contribute information, contact: C. ETIS was developed by the U. User support service is provided through the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign.

Also, EISC will prepare bibliographies. References are provided for a wide variety of environmental data, including clirnatological and meteorological; oceanographic; geophysical and geological; geographic; and hydrological and limnological.

On-line access is available, as well as computer printouts and agency reports. Information on this system can be obtained from: Gerald S. Information on sites for which water data are available, the types of data available, and the organizations that store the data is available from NAWDEX.

In addition, a directory of assistance ccnters located at the Water Resources Division District offices is available. Over 25 special subject areas are included such as acid rain, air quality, agrochemicals, dermal toxicity, phytotoxicity, risk assessment, and teratogenicity.

Reagan, U. The objective of ADS is to report annually on the status and trends of acid precipitation and, if possible, to determine the effects of controls placed on sulfur dioxide emissions. The database focuses on rural areas and certain sensitive ecosystems e.

NTN is comprised of five contributing networks made up of government and utility representatives from the United States and Canada, including the U. Rainwater is collected from monitoring sites located in rural areas and near sensitive ecosystems across the contiguous United States and the sourthern portion of Canada.

Some of the networks also analyze for certain metals, but this is not required under the program. Individual networks are responsible for their own sample collection and analysis based on a common set of sampling protocols.

This program is designed to upgrade the reliability of pesticide use data and the quality of information on pesticide residues in food. Two surveys have thus far been conducted by the NASS to provide comprehensive statistics on agricultural chemical use. Both were conducted in and will be performed annually or biannually depending on the type of crop.

The second survey was conducted for vegetables, melon, and strawberries. These surveys include use information for all agricultural chemicals, including fertilizers, pesticides which include insecticides, fungicides, miticides, nematicides, soil fumigants, herbicides, growth regulators, defoliants, and dessiccants , and plant nutrients. Sites are selected based on crop and state. Farms producing major crops field crops and 40 vegetable crops were selected in certain states from a comprehensive sampling base developed by USDA that reflects a statistically reliable random sample of the population of farmers in each state selected.

Thus, the estimates were statistically representative of chemical use on targeted crops in the surveyed states. Data on the individual farm level are confidential; therefore, state-based averages are reported. Sampling variability and associated confidence limit estimates, and non-sampling errors are discussed in each survey report.

Surveys for fruit and nut crops are planned. For the field crop survey, 15, sample fields were included based on a random sample of fields in which the probability of selecting a partciular field was directly proportional to the total acres planted to that crop in a given state.

The number of states in which fields were selected varied by crop. For corn, farm fields in 47 states were surveyed; for cotton, 6 states were represented; for potatoes, 11 states; for rice, 2 states; for soybeans, 29 states; for winter wheat, 12 states; for spring wheat, 4 states, and for dururn wheat, 1 state. For the vegetable, melon, and strawberry crop survey, 4 states were represented. The sample population consisted of an NASS list of vegetable farms from each state in the survey.

The sample was a stratified systematic sample; vegetable farms were partitioned into mutually exclusive strata, and each state had a unique set of strata priorities. Obtaining a state-level estimate was the criterion used to project final sample sizes.

The vegetable survey collected data on chemical application, and the NASS converted the product information to an active ingredient level. Information is available on operating status, and descriptive and parametric data are provided for stacks and other emissions points and processes within a facility.

Continuous emissions monitoring data, asbestos activities, and information on landfills for some sites may be found in AFS. Some of the data are confidential. Point sources emitting more than tons per year of criteria pollutants other than lead and CO must report actual or estimated annual emissions data; reporting requirements for lead begin at 5 tons per year, and for CO at 1, tons per year.

AFS contains more compliance than emissions data. Emissions estimates from to the present are available at process-specific levels and are accumulated for plant totals. B for performance specifications e. See AIRS in Part H of this inventory for a description of the level of data aggregation, availability, form, reports, reference documents, and sources for data and reports.

Other sources for AQS data include: Special Purposes monitoring sites established by state and local agencies e. The Air Quality Subsystem contains four types of data: monitoring site data e.

Monitoring depends on federal regulations regarding population, pollutant sources, geographical area, etc. Pollutants monitored vary according to site and year.

For CO, NO 2 , SO 2 , and ozone, sampling is performed using continuous monitors, and data is reported as hourly averages. For lead and particulates, hour samples are collected and reported as a hour average concentration. See AIRS in Part II of this inventory for a description of the level of data aggregation, availability, form, reports, reference documents, and sources for data and reports. Since most marine mammals are at or near the top of the food chain, chemical analysis of their tissues may be useful in determining whether bioaccumulation of contaminants associated with human industrial activities is occurring in the marine food chains of the Arctic.

In addition, some of the native population of Alaska depend upon such animals for a substantial portion of their diet. Therefore, the contaminant levels found in marine mammals may have health implications for the human population occupying these regions. To date, 65 specimens of blobber, kidney, and liver have been collected from northern fur seals, ringed seals, beluhka whales, bearded seals, and stellar sea lions from six sites in Alaska muscle tissue was also collected from northern fur seals in only.

Detailed information was not available at the time of publication. Olson, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, , This database consists of estimates of surface water characteristics by lake size class, alkalinity class, and wet deposition levels for W, SO 4 , and NO 3 for each of the 3.

Alkalinity classes of surface waters in New York and New England were estimated from a detailed northeast regional surface water alkalinity map. The map was digitized, and alkalinity classes were assigned to 3. Annual wet deposition values for hydrogen, sulfate, and nitrate ions were estimated from monitonng data in the Acid Deposition System ADS. Both data sets contain estimates of 7- hour average ozone concentrations for the time periods April-May, April-June, May-September, June-September, and June-October for each year from except June-October The gridded data values were estimated by extrapolating from monitoring stations selected to minimize urban influences.

The extrapolation used a kriging algorithm. The county values were estimated from the gridded data. Reinert, U. Data are provided on a voluntary basis by other government agencies and food processing companies. Monitoring data for pesticides on an estimated 49, samples taken predominantly during to are included in the database data through will be included by the end of fiscal year These data are used to estimate pesticide residues in the general food supply for scientific and regulatory purposes by government agencies EPA.

The food and pesticide industries, food industry trade groups, and public interest groups also use this information for scientific and other purposes. She participates in "institutional career days" providing information to students on careers related to science, engineering and technology; as well as participates in NASA educational workshops giving talks and hands-on demonstration projects, such as the Earth-to-space linkup, to schools in the area of aeronautics and earth science.

The Earth-to-space linkup is part of a weeklong training workshop for teachers from schools chosen for the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's Explorer School program.

The workshop's goal is to help math and science teachers inspire the next generation of scientists and explorers of space. Wikimedia Foundation. There is a very, very big dry lakebed that serves as a landing strip for new experimental aircraft. It also serves as a backup landing site for the Space Shuttle and a facility to test and validate design concepts and systems used in development and operation of the Orbiters.

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